Student Funding

Use of Funds 

Qualifying expenses include tuition and fees. 

Funding Amount and Source 

For students who began participating in the program in the 2015–2016 school year or later, this program receives funding from the appropriations for state aid to public schools. The state pays the full voucher amount using funds that it withholds from the state aid payment to the school district. Voucher amounts are calculated so that the state pays the equivalent of a portion of the state and local per-pupil funding under the state’s funding formula. As a result, maximum voucher payments increase as general school aid to Wisconsin public schools increases. For students who began participating in the program before the 2015–2016 school year, a separate appropriation pays for the voucher amounts. Any qualifying Wisconsin K–12 student that wishes to participate may receive funding. In 2023, Wisconsin policymakers took the positive step of increasing the voucher amounts to be closer to per-pupil spending at district schools. Voucher students will now receive approximately 72% of per-pupil funding at the public schools. In 2024–2025, the maximum voucher amount is $10,237 for grades K–8 and $12,731 for grades 9–12. Parents of students in grades 9–12 that have an income greater than 220% of the Federal Poverty Level ($68,640 for a family of four in 2024–2025) may be charged additional tuition exceeding the voucher amount. 

(Last updated July 18, 2024) 

Student Eligibility

Wisconsin (outside of Milwaukee and Racine) families with income up to 220% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) ($93,600 for a family of four in 2024–2025) and who do not reside in the Milwaukee Public Schools or the Racine Unified school districts are eligible. Moreover, a family’s income limit increases by $7,000 if the student’s parents or legal guardians are married. Students who are continuing the program from previous years, and those who were on a school’s waiting list in the prior year because the school did not have space available, do not need to demonstrate income eligibility. In addition to the income limit, students must have been either: (1) enrolled in a public school or home school in the previous year; (2) not enrolled in school in the previous year; (3) enrolled in a private school under the voucher program in the previous year; (4) be entering kindergarten, first grade, or ninth grade; or (5) attended school in a different state in the previous year. If an applying student has a sibling already in the private school the applicant wishes to attend, he or she will receive preference in the event of an enrollment lottery. Each district currently has an enrollment cap of 9% of its public school district enrollment able to participate in the program. This cap will increase by one percentage point each year until the enrollment limit reaches 10%, then there will no longer be a cap. Students previously on a voucher wait list because of this cap will be eligible after it is expanded. 

(Last updated July 10, 2024) 

EdChoice Expert Feedback

Wisconsin’s statewide voucher for low-income students helps nearly 20,000 students access schools that are the right fit for them, but policymakers could do more to expand educational opportunity. Eligibility for the scholarships is limited to students from families statewide (outside Milwaukee or Racine) earning up to 300 percent of the federal poverty level ($90,000 for a family of four in 2023–24). About one-third of Wisconsin students are eligible to receive a scholarship. Statewide, less than 5 percent of students participate in one of Wisconsin’s private educational choice options (including the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, the Racine Parental Choice Program, the Special Needs Scholarship Program, and the K-12 Private School Tuition Deduction). The average scholarship size is about $10,500, which is about three-quarters of the average expenditure per student at Wisconsin’s district schools. In 2023, Wisconsin policymakers took the positive step of increasing the voucher amounts to be closer to per-pupil spending at district schools. Voucher students will now receive approximately 76% of per pupil funding at the public schools. Policymakers should also expand eligibility to all students. The program could also be converted into an education savings account to ensure that all students have access to the education that’s the right fit for them, whether private school or a customized course of education. Wisconsin’s statewide voucher program has some unnecessary and counterproductive regulations. For example, the program requires voucher students in certain grades to take the state’s standardized test. Instead of mandating a single test, policymakers should allow parents and schools to choose from a variety of nationally norm-referenced tests. Policymakers should also amend the program so that it no longer interferes with schools’ admissions standards. (Last updated December 14, 2023)

Rules and Regulations

Program Guidelines

• Income Limit: 220% x FPL
• Prior Year Public School Requirement: Yes, With Exceptions
• Enrollment Cap: 2024⁠–⁠25: 9% of each public district’s enrollment (escalator)
• Voucher Cap: 2024⁠–⁠25: $10,237 (K⁠–⁠8) / $12,731 (9⁠–⁠12)
• Testing Mandates: State
• Special Needs Pathway: None

Participant and Family Guidelines

• Click Here for the Program Administrator’s Parent Handbook
• Education Requirements: N/A
• Parent Supplemented Funds/Scholarships: Conditional
• Miscellaneous: N/A

Education Provider Guidelines

• Accreditation/Approval:
  • State or regional
  • Receive accreditation within three years of participating in the program
• Employment Standards:
  • School administrators must undergo financial training and have at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution of higher education
  • Teachers must have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution of higher education, and teacher aides must have received a high school diploma or been granted a GED or HSED
  • Must administer background checks for all employees
• Nondiscrimination: Comply with state and federal nondiscrimination laws
• Calendar/Curriculum/Attendance: State approval
• Financial:
  • Annually submit to the state a financial audit conducted by a CPA
  • Provide the state evidence of sound fiscal practices and financial viability
• Miscellaneous:
  • Meet all health and safety codes that apply to public schools
  • Allow students to opt out of religious programs
  • Administer state testing to scholarship recipients in third, fourth, eighth, ninth, 10th, and 11th grade
  • Provide 1,050 hours of direct pupil instruction in grades 1-6 and 1,137 hours of direct pupil instruction in grades 7⁠–⁠12
  • Provide the department of public instruction with information about the academic program at the participating school and student test score data

(Last updated September 27, 2024)

Governing Statutes

Wis. Stat. § 118.60 

(Last updated July 12, 2024) 

Legal History

No legal challenge is currently pending. 

On October 12, 2023, a lawsuit funded by the Minocqua Brewing Company SUPERPAC was filed by a group of parents, public officials, and other plaintiffs in the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. The petition for original action argues the Independent Charter School Program, Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, statewide Parental Choice Program, and Special Needs Scholarship Program are all unconstitutional and asks the Court to immediately halt the programs. 

Plaintiffs allege the programs violate the Wisconsin Constitution’s Uniform Taxation Clause, as well as Article X, Section 4, and the superintendent supervision clause. Plaintiffs state that superintendents are not provided with sufficient control over participating private schools, arguing the Wisconsin Constitution requires superintendents to “supervise the instruction paid for by the public that is occurring at these private schools.” 

Plaintiffs also allege the choice programs violate the Wisconsin Constitution’s public-purpose requirement because there is less oversight and regulation of participating schools compared to public schools, thus the “private school programs serve no public purpose.” Plaintiffs further claim the programs “are affirmatively designed to undermine Wisconsin’s public education system by robbing it blind and forcing local districts into financial death spirals.” Julie Underwood v. Robin Vos, 2023AP001896.The Wisconsin Supreme Court declined to hear the case in December 2023.  

(Last updated July 31, 2024)